Stages of Knowing

This framework is based on the work of the Harvard psychologist Dr. William Perry.

Stage 1: The Garden of Eden
Stage 2: Anything Goes
Stages 3: Thinking Critically

Stage 1: The Garden of Eden
- See the world in black and white, right and wrong
- To determine what is right or wrong is based on authorities
- There is no possibility of compromise or negotiation

Stage 2: Anything Goes
- To reject the dogmatic, authoritarian framework
- Reasoning : If authorities are not infallible and we can't trust their expertise, then no one point of view is ultimately any better than any other
- There is no way to determine which way is better

Stage 3: Thinking Critically
- When people achieve this level of understanding they recognize that some viewpoints are better than other viewpoints, not simply because of authority say so, but because there are compelling reasons to support these viewpoints.
- People are open-minded toward other viewpoints, especially those that disagree with theirs.  They recognize that there are often a number of legitimate perspectives on complex issues, and they accept the validity of these perspectives to the extent that they are supported by persuasive reason and evidence.
- To examine life our lives thoughtfully and honestly (Socrates).  To live a life of reflection and action, of open-mindedness and commitment, of purpose and fulfillment, is not a simple endeavor.  It requires the full development of our intellectual abilities and postive traits of character, a lifelong journey.